A.虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况。
B.知识要点
1.虚拟语气用于if引导的条件状语从句
表示对不可能发生的事实的一种假设;或对已经发生过的事实进行一种相反情况的假设;
时 间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式
虚拟现在时 动词的过去式 should (would, could,
(与现在事实相反) (be一般用were) might )+动词原形
虚拟过去时 had done should (would, could,
(与过去事实相反) might )+have done
虚拟将来时 动词过去式 should (would, could,
(与将来事实可能相反) should+动词原形 might )+动词原形
were to+动词原形
2.虚拟语气用在表示要求、命令、建议语气的词引导的从句中:
(1)用在动词suggest(建议), order(命令), insist(坚持), require(需要), demand(要求),propose(提议)等引导的宾语从句以及它们相应的名词suggestion,order,insistence,demand,proposal 后面的表语和同位语从句中谓语要用“(should)+动词原形” e.g. He suggested that we(should)start now. 他建议我们现在就开始。
My suggestion is that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我的建议是我们派几个人去帮助别的小组。
(2)用在“It +be+ natural(necessary,strange,important,essential以及insisted,suggested, ordered)+that…”结构中的that引导的主语从句以及它们相应的名词(引导的表语和同位语从句中;从句的谓语用“(should)+动词原形”
e.g. It’s necessary that you should be present at the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。
C.例题讲解
1)If the whole program beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (统考用书模拟题1)
A. was not planned B. were not planned
C. would not be planned D. had not been planned
解析:这是一句对已经发生的事进行与事实相反方向的推测,主句的结论“would have been lost”/(大量时间和金钱)就会损失,时态是过去时,前面从句的时态也应用过去时,同时,“ program/项目”与“plan/计划”是被动关系,故选D。
2)This is a very difficult operation, It is essential that you for emergency. (统考用书模拟题6)
A. are to be prepared B. would prepared
C. be prepared D. must be prepared
解析:这句的关键词时“essential”, 后面的主语从句应该用虚拟语态 “should + V” ,”should” 有时可省略,故用C
3)He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I of hunger. (统考用书模拟题2)
A. would be died B. would die C. would have died D. will die
解析:这句也是对已过去发生的事“我还活着”进行与事实相反方向的推测“已经死了”,只是虚拟条件句用了一个介词短语“without which(指提供住所与保护)”来代替,故选择C。
(八) 主谓一致
主谓一致就是谓语动词必须在数和人称上与主语取得一致。主谓一致的关系根据“语法一致”、“意义一致”、和“就近一致”三项原则来实现。
A.知识要点
1.语法一致
(1)作主语的名词后面有as well as, with, together with, except, but, like, no less than等引导的短语时,谓语动词的数由作主语的名词决定。
e.g. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. 一位专家和几位助手被派去协助这项工作。
(2)主语为“a lot of, lots of, plenty of等以及all, half, most, some, any, no等+名词”短语时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。
e.g. Half of his weekends are spent in the country. 他的周末一半是在乡下度过的。
(3)主语为动词不定式、动名词和主语从句时谓语动词用单数。
e.g. To see is to believe. (Seeing is believing.) 眼见为实。
What he told us was not the truth. 他所告诉我们的不是事实。
2.意义一致
(1)有and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,但是表示同一人或事物,或代表一个概念,动词用单数,否则用复数:
e.g. The professor and president of our school is retired.
(2)主语为all, half, most, some, any, none等不定代词时,通过上下文确定其实际意义,谓语动词的单复数形式则根据主语的实际意义来决定。
e.g. His weekends? Half are spent in the country. 他的周末?一半是在乡下度过的。 His time? Half was spent on books. 他的时间?一半是花在了读书上。
(3)以下这些不定代词everything/nothing/something/everybody/nobody…等和所有物质名词如: water, air, soil, glass, wood…等都看成单数。
e.g. Nobody knows where he is.
Air is a tasteless and colorless gas.
3.就近一致
(1)主语为either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also等连接的并列名词时以及there be句型中,谓语动词的数取决于最靠近的名词的数。
e.g. Neither the children nor their father was in the car. 无论是孩子们,还是他们的父亲都 不在车里。
There is a farmer, a cow and three sheep in the field. 地里有一个农夫,一头奶牛和三 头羊。
B.例题讲解
1)evidence that language acquiring ability must be stimulated.(统考用书模拟题2)
A. It being B. It is C. There is D. There being
解析:此题evidence 是个关键词,做单数看待,故谓语用单数,这类单词永远看作单数,再如:information, knowledge, furniture, 故选C。
2)This article deals with the natural phenomenon which most interesting to everyone.(统考用书模拟题2)
A. are B. is C. they are D. it is
解析:句中 “phenomenon 现象” 是单数词,故选B。这个词的单复数变化不规则,它的复 数形式是 “phenomena”,此类单词还如:datum/data(数据), bacterium/bacteria(细菌)等。
(九) 倒装句
1.知识要点:
(1)倒装是指将句子的谓语动词或其助动词放在主语之前。
e.g. Then began a war between two countries. 于是两国之间开始了战争。(全部倒装) Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。(部分倒装)
(2)常用倒装的两种情况:
① 出于句子结构的需要
e.g. There are many beautiful flowers on the table. 桌上有许多美丽的花。
e.g. Tom can speak English. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲英语,杰克也会
②出于强调:never, seldom, little, nor, hardly…(when…), scarcely…(when…), no sooner…(than…), not only, not until等表示否定的副词或连词位于句首时;
2.例题讲解
1)get a good job these days without a good education.(统考用书模拟题6)
A. people might B. people can C. do people D. have people
解析:放在句首,句子应该使用倒装句,故选C。
2)Nowhere else in the world more attractive scenery than in Switzerland. (统考用书模拟题2)
A. you can find B. is found C. can you find D. has been found
解析:“nowhere” 是个含有否定意义的词,故后面的主语谓语要倒装,故选C.
3)No sooner _______ the question than the answer came to him.
A. had he asked B. he had asked C. did he ask D. he asked
解析:答案A。no sooner放在句首,句子要倒装,因此排除B, D两个选项。“问问题”这个动作发生在“他想到答案之前”,因此选A。
(十)从句
A.知识要点:
复合句中的从句除了经常用that作为引导词外,也常用疑问词(what, which, why, where, how, who等等)来引导。
1.名词从句
(1)在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词从句,可以在句中作主语、宾语或介词宾语、表语、同位语等。名词性从句通常由that, whether/if, 疑问词(which, what, why, how等)以及连接词(whenever“无论什么时候”, whatever“无论什么”等)引导。
e.g. That she doesn’t understand spoken English is obvious. 很明显她不懂口语。(主从) I think (that) he is a good actor. 我知道他是个好演员。(宾从)
The truth is that he is only eighteen. 事实是他只有18岁。(表从)
The fact that Ann was late didn’t surprise me. 安迟到的事实我不足为奇。(同位语从句)
(2)由whether / if 引导的名词性从句:whether / if表示“是否”的意思。
e.g. Whether she goes with us (or not) is not important to me. 她是否和我们一起去对我而 言
不重要。(主语从句)
I don’t know whether/if he will come. 我不知道他来不来。(宾语从句)
★ (3)由疑问词引导的名词性从句:疑问词引导名词性从句时,在从句中担任语法成分,而且常保留其本身的含义。
e.g. Why they left the country is a secret. 他们为什么要离开乡下是个秘密。(主从)
She explained to him how he can start the car. 她向他解释他怎样才能启动这汽车。(宾从)
The question was who owned the house. 问题是谁是那房子的主人。(表从)
2.定语从句
(1)在句子中作定语的从句称为定语从句。
.
↓ ↓
先行词 关联词
他是那个要在世纪广场上举行音乐会的人。
★ (2)关联词在定语从句中充当一定成分,
① 关系代词:常见的有which, that, who, whom, whose。
who ─ 作主语:
指人:who, whom
whom ─ 作宾语
指物:which ─ 作主语或宾语
that ─ 作主语或宾语
指人或物:that, whose
whose ─ 作定语
e.g. A man who does not try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much. 一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。(作主语)
The engineers (whom / that) we met yesterday have worked out a new machine. 我们昨天碰到的那些工程设计出了一种新的机器。(作宾语)
It is a problem which needs very careful consideration. 这是一个需要非常认真考虑的问题。(作主语)
Madame Curie is a great scientist whose name is known all over the world. 居里夫人是一位全世界闻名的伟大科学家。(作定语)
② 关系副词:常见的有when, where, why等。分别作时间、地点、原因状语。
when Hong Kong returned to out homeland. 我们永远不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。(作时间状语)
where you used to live has been pulled down. 你过去曾住过的那栋大厦已经被拆除了。(作地点状语)
We know why he was very angry. 我们知道他为什么非常生气。(作原因状语,其先行词一般是reason)
3.状语从句
用作状语的从句称为状语从句。它主要用于修饰句子中的谓语动词,从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况。状语从句的廉洁副词有很多,比如